Categories of Phonological Skills

Hall and Moats (1999, pp. 174-175) describe typical levels of phonological skills in young children from kindergarten through first grade. This list includes a wide range of behaviors and underscores the fact that literacy acquisition exists along a continuum. All children may not have the same accomplishments at the same time.

Capability of Child with Appropriate Phonological Skills

By the End of Kindergarten
  • identify whether two single-syllable words rhyme
  • think of a word that rhymes with another
  • when reading a target word and a list of three words, identify which of the three words begins with the same sound as the target word
  • when reading three words, identify which one begins with a different sound from the other two

By Midway in the First Semester of First Grade

  • look at words with two letter sounds (phonemes) and blend the sounds together to figure out the word (e.g., in, on, at, bee,)
  • say what word remains if a given sound is dropped from the beginning or end of a three-phoneme word (e.g., say cat without saying the /k/--at)

By the End of First Grade

  • pronounce separately the sounds in two-phoneme words (sh-oe; b-oy)
  • pronounce separately the first sound in longer words (h-oneysuckle)
  • blend together the sounds in three-phoneme words (m-e-n)


Note: From Straight Talk About Reading (pp. 174-175), by S.L. Hall and L.C. Moats, 1999, Lincolnwood, IL: Contemporary Books. Copyright 1999 by NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group. Reprinted with permission.

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