Preservice Level: "Knowledge and understanding of the human services that influence the lives of students in at-risk situations should be incorporated into the curriculum, including knowledge about the different agencies, their missions, and general operating procedures; an understanding of the various helping professionals and how they contrast with educational professionals; and an understanding of the laws that apply to situations involving children, schools, and agencies." (p. 292)

Inservice Level: "This national movement toward increased on-site collaboration between teachers and other social service professionals is expanding so quickly that many practicing teachers are unprepared for these changes. Inservice education programs are needed for practicing teachers who are affected by these changes. School districts should begin to evaluate how well prepared teachers are for their changing roles. Universities and colleges with teacher education units can help develop creative and effective inservice education programs that reflect the collaboration taking place in the revision of preservice programs." (p. 293)