"The provision of medical services to students through school-based clinics raises more complex issues of confidentiality and personal privacy. Since many students are legal minors, it is usual for informed consent to come from parents or legal guardians. Courts and legislatures, however, have recognized the need to treat adolescents differently so they can receive essential medical services on an independent and confidential basis (English & Tereszkiewicz, 1988, p. 7). States permit minors to consent to medical care in a variety of situations; provisions extend both to the emancipated minor (one who is essentially independent) and to the mature minor (one who is capable of making an informed decision). In these cases, informed consent can be given by the minor." (p. 73)