The Western Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (1991) describes prevention program needs at various grade levels:
"Primary Grades: Child is first oriented to self, then to parents. They depend on information from parents first, other adults/teachers second, then from peers. Programs that are effective are good vs. bad, i.e., Just Say No, ones that build self-esteem and pro-social development.
Intermediate Grades: Child is oriented to parents and teachers, then to peers. They are most concerned with the physical effects and need accurate information, especially on the Gateway drugs. Need programs with decision-making and social skills competency.
Junior High/Middle School: Peers and role models are most important, and there is a preoccupation with self-presentation and peer acceptance. They are oriented to the present, not the future, and the social, rather than the physical effects. Programs should include cooperative learning, peer leadership and assistance, and involve role models teaching decision-making and refusal skills.
High School: Students are primarily concerned with individual identity, and are oriented to peers and role models. They are most interested in the psychological effects and the consequences of misuse and abuse. Programs should focus on those consequences, i.e., drinking and driving, and provide drug-free alternative activities."
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